Scholarpedia

From Scholarpedia

Curator: Dr. Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia

Welcome to Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia written by scholars from all around the world.

Scholarpedia feels and looks like Wikipedia -- the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Indeed, both are powered by the same program -- MediaWiki. Both allow visitors to review and modify articles simply by clicking on the edit this article link.

However, Scholarpedia differs from Wikipedia in some very important ways:

• Each article is written by an expert.
• Each article is anonymously peer reviewed to ensure accurate and reliable information.
• Each article has a curator -- typically its author -- who is responsible for its content.
• Any modification of the article needs to be approved by the curator before it appears in the final, approved version.

Herein also lies the greatest difference between Scholarpedia and traditional print media: although the initial authorship and review are similar to a print journal so that Scholarpedia articles could be cited, articles are not frozen and outdated, but dynamic, subject to an ongoing process of improvement moderated by their curators. This allows Scholarpedia to be up-to-date, yet maintain the highest quality of content.

Contents 1 Aims and policy 2 Curatorship 3 Scholar index 4 Authorship 4.1 How to cite Scholarpedia articles 5 Current status 6 Editorial board 7 References 7.1 A sample list of external articles citing Scholarpedia articles 8 Further reading 9 External links 10 See also

Aims and policy

Scholarpedia is a peer-reviewed encyclopedia written by the leading experts in their respective fields. It does not publish "research" or "position" papers, but rather "living reviews" that will be maintained by the future generation of experts via the process of curatorship. The (ambitious) goal of Scholarpedia is that of being an understandable and useful encyclopedic reference for scholars of different levels.

To ensure these requirements, the ideal article of Scholarpedia

• is written in "Scientific American" or slightly more advanced style, as appropriate at least for advanced undergraduate students of that area or of graduate students in adjacent areas;
• satisfies Einstein's criterion to "make it as simple as possible, but no simpler".

Scholarpedia is a fully open access publication:

• no fee or subscription is required to access its content; that is, articles are free for everybody;
• no publication charges are imposed on authors.

Each article in Scholarpedia has its own copyright policy, freely selected by the authors from the choices:

1. Author owns the copyright and licenses the content to Scholarpedia,
2. Creative Commons,
3. GNU FDL.

Scholarpedia is written, peer-reviewed, and maintained by the community of scholars, mainly voluntarily.

To survive, Scholarpedia exploits external financial support.

Curatorship

In Scholarpedia, every article has a person who takes care of its content and whose reputation becomes associated with its content, the Curator. The job of a curator is to moderate revisions of an article, accepting those that are relevant and rejecting those that are not. In some sense, a curator of an article in Scholarpedia is like a curator of a museum: He or she has to evaluate all new additions and decide which are worth public exhibition and which are not. A curator’s name and affiliation are clearly stated below the title of an article, so that his or her reputation guarantees the accuracy of the article. Each article may have one or more curators, and the same person may curate multiple articles.

Curators of Scholarpedia are leading experts in their respective fields, typically having a Ph.D. or M.D., and are affiliated with an academic or research organization. When an article is first accepted, its authors automatically become its curators. Over time the role will shift to other scholars, ensuring the continuing health of the article.

A curator may voluntarily resign from curatorship, or may lose the curatorship of an article if he or she does not evaluate new revisions within a reasonable period of time. In this case, the curatorship is offered to the scholar who has made most contributions to the article. Thus, curatorship of an article can be transferred from one scientist to another, ensuring that no article is neglected. Each article keeps the history of its curators.

In the current phase of Scholarpedia, the curators are invited by the Editor-in-Chief or by one of the editors. Curators can then invite other scientists to become curators of Scholarpedia -- a practice used by many professional societies, such as the Society for Neuroscience.

The process of curatorship makes Scholarpedia a unique project. Sigmund Freud wrote "Psychoanalysis" and Albert Einstein wrote "Space-Time" for the 13th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica almost 100 years ago. If Britannica had the feature of curatorship, the best experts of today would be competing with each other for the honor to be curators of Freud’s and Einstein’s articles. The goal of Scholarpedia is to identify and convince today’s Einsteins and Freuds to write encyclopedic articles on their fundamental discoveries, so that 100 years from now the best experts will be willing to maintain and update the articles through the process of curatorship.

Scholar index

Similar to Wikipedia, every registered user can revise and expand articles in Scholarpedia. The revision can be just a simple grammar fix, an attempt to rewrite an obscure paragraph, a suggestion on how to improve the quality of the article, or an in-depth review of the article with major additions and modifications.

Each proposed revision is evaluated by the curators on the scale from ‘mostly wrong’ to ‘improvement’ to ‘major contribution’. According to the evaluation, each reviewer of an article receives an index that measures his or her contribution to the article. When the curatorship of an article becomes vacant, it is automatically offered to the reviewer with the highest index for the article. Thus, a reviewer with a sufficiently large Scholar Index can become a curator of Scholarpedia without being explicitly invited by an editor or another curator.

The sum of all such indices is the user’s Scholar Index. Users with non-zero Scholar Index are called scholars. The index measures a scholar's overall impact on Scholarpedia, and it endows certain rights and privileges (see list of top scholars).

Authorship

Authors of Scholarpedia articles are either invited by the Editor-in-Chief, by other curators, or by dedicated Scholarpedia Editors who are experts in the relevant subject area. Each finished article is submitted to the anonymous review forum for initial peer review. Upon acceptance, the author becomes its curator. The names of current curators are placed at the top of the article, signifying their ongoing involvement with and responsibility for the article. The name of the original author of an article appears at the bottom, and is permanently stored in the Scholarpedia archive. Curatorship can change, whereas authorship cannot.

How to cite Scholarpedia articles

Upon approval, articles in Scholarpedia are archived in a journal (ISSN 1941-6016) so that they could be cited as any other peer-reviewed article. For example,

Izhikevich E. M. (2006) Bursting. Scholarpedia, 1(3):1300

This citation, found below the article's title, always refers to the latest approved version of the article that is shown to visitors by default. Any particular approved revision of the article can also be cited. For example,

Izhikevich E. M. (2006) Bursting. Scholarpedia, 1(3):1300, revision 1401

Each article forever maintains a history of all of its revisions, accessible via the 'revisions' tab. Each revision has a unique number, which can be found via the link [cite this article] at the top of the page. To retrieve a revision, type its number in the search menu.

We expect the history of revisions to be of interest in its own right, providing a window into the living process of peer review and progress of ideas that is hidden behind the scenes in traditional publications. Some revisions may well become classics much like a fine vintage of wine.

Current status

The approach of Scholarpedia does not compete with, but rather complements, that of Wikipedia: instead of covering a broad range of topics, Scholarpedia covers a few narrow fields, but does that exhaustively.

Currently, Scholarpedia hosts Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience, Encyclopedia of Dynamical Systems, Encyclopedia of Computational Intelligence, Encyclopedia of Astrophysics, and Encyclopedia of Physics.

If there is enough interest and support from the public, Scholarpedia will grow in the following directions:

• The neuroscience chapter of Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience will be a seed to start Encyclopedia of Cognitive Neuroscience, and then Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
• Encyclopedia of Dynamical Systems will be a seed to start Encyclopedia of Applied Mathematics, and then Encyclopedia of Mathematics.
• Encyclopedia of Computational Intelligence will be a seed to start Encyclopedia of Computer Science.

Currently, only editors can invite an expert to write an article for Scholarpedia. This invitation-only policy is implemented so that prominent scientists have the priority to write on their discoveries; see an incomplete list of prominent participants of Scholarpedia.

Editorial board

1. Editors
2. Assistant Editors
3. Scholarpedia statistics

ISSN 1941-6016 (online)

References

• Society of Applied Neuroscience. Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia. November 11, 2006. (online)
• The MIT Presslog. Scholarpedia. January 08, 2007. (online)
• Editorial: Wouldn't you like to know?. Nature Physics 4: 505. 2008. DOI: 10.1038/nphys1012

A sample list of external articles citing Scholarpedia articles

• Hans-Georg Beyer and Alexander Melkozerov. 2008. Mutative σ-self-adaptation can beat cumulative step size adaptation when using weighted recombination. In Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO '08), Maarten Keijzer (Ed.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 487-494. DOI: 10.1145/1389095.1389189
• Robert W. Clowes and Anil K. Seth. 2008. Axioms, properties and criteria: Roles for synthesis in the science of consciousness. Artif. Intell. Med. 44, 2 (October 2008), 91-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2008.07.009
• Walter J. Freeman. 2009. 2009 Special Issue: Vortices in brain activity: Their mechanism and significance for perception. Neural Netw. 22, 5-6 (July 2009), 491-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.050
• Andreas Heiner and N. Asokan. 2008. Using salience differentials to making visual cues noticeable. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Usability, Psychology, and Security (UPSEC'08), Elizabeth Churchill and Rachna Dhamija (Eds.). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, Article 7, 6 pages.
• Sebastian von Mammen and Christian Jacob. 2008. Evolutionary swarm design of architectural idea models. In Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO '08), Maarten Keijzer (Ed.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 143-150. DOI: 10.1145/1389095.1389115
• Jean-Baptiste Mouret, Stéphane Doncieux, and Benoît Girard. 2010. Importing the computational neuroscience toolbox into neuro-evolution-application to basal ganglia. In Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation (GECCO '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 587-594. DOI: 10.1145/1830483.1830592
• Fatemeh Shakeri and Mehdi Dehghan. 2008. The method of lines for solution of the one-dimensional wave equation subject to an integral conservation condition. Comput. Math. Appl. 56, 9 (November 2008), 2175-2188. DOI: 10.1016/j.camwa.2008.03.055
• Thorsten Suttorp, Nikolaus Hansen, and Christian Igel. 2009. Efficient covariance matrix update for variable metric evolution strategies. Mach. Learn. 75, 2 (May 2009), 167-197. DOI: 10.1007/s10994-009-5102-1
• Olaf Sporns. 2009. From Complex Networks to Intelligent Systems. In Creating Brain-Like Intelligence, Bernhard Sendhoff, Edgar Körner, Olaf Sporns, Helge Ritter, and Kenji Doya (Eds.). Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5436. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 15-30. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00616-6_2
• Elio Tuci, Christos Ampatzis, Federico Vicentini, and Marco Dorigo. 2008. Evolving homogeneous neurocontrollers for a group of heterogeneous robots: Coordinated motion, cooperation, and acoustic communication. Artif. Life 14, 2 (April 2008), 157-178. DOI: 10.1162/artl.2008.14.2.157
• Lei Xu. 2008. Bayesian Ying Yang system, best harmony learning, and Gaussian manifold based family. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE world conference on Computational intelligence: research frontiers (WCCI'08), Jacek M. Zurada, Gary G. Yen, and Jun Wang (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 48-78.
• Lei Xu. 2010. Machine learning problems from optimization perspective. J. of Global Optimization 47, 3 (July 2010), 369-401. DOI: 10.1007/s10898-008-9364-0

Further reading

• All articles
• Random article
• Instructions for authors

External links

• Scholarpedia on Wikipedia
• "Scientific American"
• DBLP Index of Scholarpedia articles

See also

• Wikipedia, Brain Corporation

Eugene M. Izhikevich (2006) Scholarpedia. Scholarpedia, 1(2):1, (go to the first approved version) Created: 1 February 2006, reviewed: 5 February 2006, accepted: 5 February 2006