Portal:Artificial intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, man-made) entity. AI forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior in machines. When an AI system is embodied in its working environment and interacts with and learns from it, it becomes known as an Intelligent Agent (IA).
AI research tries to give machines the ability to reason, represent knowledge, plan, learn, communicate, perceive, move and manipulate objects. Current approaches to AI include symbolic methods, such as knowledge based AI, and sub-symbolic methods such as computational intelligence. Read more...
The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such question as:
- What is intelligence? At what point would most people agree that a machine is, in fact, intelligent?
- Can a machine have intelligence comparable to a human's?
- Even if non-organic creatures had problem-solving capabilities like a human's, could it have consciousness and emotions? Could it feel?
The ethics of artificial intelligence considers questions such as these:
- Supposing that we could create robots with intelligence comparable to ours, should we? Is it dangerous? Is it immoral?
- If, one day, our machines are able to think as we do, should they have the same rights that we do?
A common theme in science fiction, AI is often portrayed as a burgeoning force vying for power against humanity as in: The Terminator, The Matrix or Colossus: the Forbin Project.
An alternative portrayal, championed by Asimov is that of a subservient race as in: Asimov's Robot Series, C-3PO, Marvin, Bicentennial Man, AI.
A few stories put AIs on equal footing with humanity like Data, or talk about the merging of humanity with AIs as in Ghost in the Shell.
The inevitability of the emergence of AI has been suggested/portrayed by writers such as Samuel Butler, Warwick, Iain Banks, Vernor Vinge and more.
For thousands of years, humanity has dreamed of making thinking machines, out of spirit, alchemy, clockwork, chemistry or electricity. In the 20th century the field of AI research was founded to make this ancient wish come true using digital computers. In the course of fifty years, the popularity and funding for the field has risen and fallen in a series of AI winters and summers, and today the field works mostly behind the scenes, providing the heavy lifting for the most difficult problems of the technology industry. Read more...
Several leading AI researchers are:
McCarthy - Minsky - Newell - Simon - Feigenbaum - Reddy - Hinton - Papert - Zadeh - Selfridge - Pearl - Brooks - Schank - Winograd - Hendler - BodenAn artificial neural network (ANN), also called a simulated neural network (SNN) (but the term neural network (NN) is grounded in biology and refers to very real, highly complex plexus), is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. There is no precise agreed definition among researchers as to what a neural network is, but most would agree that it involves a highly complex network of simple processing elements (neurons), where the global behaviour is determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters. Since anything approaching a full appreciation of neuronal function remains a distant dream, and since the factors producing global output result from many non-linear, modulating, and poorly understood real-time feedback signals within a single neuron, the highly linear artificial networks (where 'neurons' are modeled as input/output nodes) are perceived as academic research tools rather than even a distant representation of brain function. Read More...
- December 13 : A Southampton University team has created an artificial hand emulating an improved sense of touch - that allows it to seize an object without dropping or crushing it.
- November 25 : A spider-like robot built by University of Vermont researchers manages to adapt to new conditions - like physical damage - by maintaining a real-time model of itself.
...that Richard Wallace is the creator of the AIML language, a XML variant which powered the three-time Loebner prize-winning A.L.I.C.E chatterbot?
...that Belle was the first chess computer that was built - by Bell Labs - only for that particular purpose, and was also the first machine to achieve a 2200 Elo rating, therefore being the very first chess master-level computer?
...that the tendency to deprecate the usefulness of some human abilities after advances in artificial intelligence and robotics allows embodied agents to master these abilities is called the AI effect?
...that nouvelle AI is an approach to artificial intelligence which aims for producing systems with intelligence at the level of insects, and that it was pioneered by Rodney Brooks at the MIT AI Lab?
| Artificial intelligence |
| Major problems of AI |
|---|
| Reasoning |
| Knowledge representation |
| Automated planning and scheduling |
| Machine learning |
| Natural language processing |
| Computer vision |
| Robotics |
| General intelligence, or strong AI |
| Traditional approaches |
| Search algorithms |
| Logic |
| Modern approaches |
| Neural networks |
| Bayesian networks |
| Evolutionary algorithms |
| Philosophy |
| Ethics of AI |
| Turing test |
| Chinese room |
| History |
| Timeline |
| AI winter |
